test(e2e): backup and restore (#71)

Run basic backup and restore tests for the plugin. Use MinIO for S3,
Azurite for ACS and fake-gcs-server for GCS.

Signed-off-by: Francesco Canovai <francesco.canovai@enterprisedb.com>

Taskfile.yml

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ tasks:
     deps:
       - build-images
     cmds:
-      - go test -v ./test/e2e
+      - go test -timeout 30m -v ./test/e2e
 
   ci:
     desc: Run the CI pipeline

go.mod

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ toolchain go1.23.3
 
 require (
 	github.com/cert-manager/cert-manager v1.16.2
+	github.com/cloudnative-pg/api v0.0.0-20241116094849-219d7a1d257f
 	github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud v0.0.0-20241105055149-ae6c2408bd14
 	github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg v1.24.1-0.20241113134512-8608232c2813
 	github.com/cloudnative-pg/cnpg-i v0.0.0-20241109002750-8abd359df734
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/blang/semver/v4 v4.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cloudnative-pg/api v0.0.0-20241004125129-98baa9f4957b // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 // indirect
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 // indirect
 	github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/client/v8 v8.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 // indirect
 	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ github.com/cert-manager/cert-manager v1.16.2 h1:c9UU2E+8XWGruyvC/mdpc1wuLddtgmNr
 github.com/cert-manager/cert-manager v1.16.2/go.mod h1:MfLVTL45hFZsqmaT1O0+b2ugaNNQQZttSFV9hASHUb0=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/cloudnative-pg/api v0.0.0-20241004125129-98baa9f4957b h1:LZ9tIgKmWb8ZvyLg/J8ExXtmBtEWP2dr3Y4TU4nCq/w=
+github.com/cloudnative-pg/api v0.0.0-20241116094849-219d7a1d257f h1:KAXst7XLaipdFk9Qv796+tThfEJwFMG4wPLAizZ7wx4=
-github.com/cloudnative-pg/api v0.0.0-20241004125129-98baa9f4957b/go.mod h1:mzd1EvoLYy16jJdne6/4nwhoj7t4IZ0MqJMEH4mla8Q=
+github.com/cloudnative-pg/api v0.0.0-20241116094849-219d7a1d257f/go.mod h1:aYVZDHteiejVYbntDxJVx1K45xeV8y0KtR/wK4zvt7U=
 github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud v0.0.0-20241105055149-ae6c2408bd14 h1:HX5pXyzVAqfjcDgCa1l8b4sumf7XYnGqiP+6XMgbB2E=
 github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud v0.0.0-20241105055149-ae6c2408bd14/go.mod h1:HPGwXHlatQEnb2HdsbGTZLEo8qlxKLdxTHiTeF9TTqw=
 github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg v1.24.1-0.20241113134512-8608232c2813 h1:XWpr5y28JRwcA4BzxBkHFx7C8JDqOSdDIN7RbRdI6Dg=
@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnr
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9 h1:6KIumPrER1LHsvBVuDa0r5xaG0Es51mhhB9BQB2qeMA=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 h1:In6xLpyWOi1+C7tXUUWv2ot1QvBjxevKAaI6IXrJmUc=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9/go.mod h1:Di0epgTjJY877eYKx5yC51cX2A2Vl2ibi7bDH9ttBbw=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11/go.mod h1:pMDklpSncoRMuLFrf1W9Ss9KT+0rH90U12bZKk7uwG0=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=

internal/cnpgi/operator/lifecycle.go

@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func reconcilePodSpec(
 		FailureThreshold: 3,
 		ProbeHandler: corev1.ProbeHandler{
 			Exec: &corev1.ExecAction{
-				Command: []string{"manager", "healthcheck", "unix"},
+				Command: []string{"/manager", "healthcheck", "unix"},
 			},
 		},
 	}

kubernetes/deployment.yaml

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ spec:
       serviceAccountName: plugin-barman-cloud
       containers:
       - image: plugin-barman-cloud:latest
-        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
         name: barman-cloud
         ports:
         - containerPort: 9090

test/e2e/e2e_suite_test.go

@@ -23,21 +23,25 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	certmanagerv1 "github.com/cert-manager/cert-manager/pkg/apis/certmanager/v1"
+	cloudnativepgv1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/api/pkg/api/v1"
 	admissionregistrationv1 "k8s.io/api/admissionregistration/v1"
 	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
 	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
 	rbacv1 "k8s.io/api/rbac/v1"
 	apiextensionsv1 "k8s.io/apiextensions-apiserver/pkg/apis/apiextensions/v1"
-	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
 	apimachineryTypes "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
 	kustomizeTypes "sigs.k8s.io/kustomize/api/types"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kustomize/kyaml/resid"
 
+	pluginBarmanCloudV1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/api/v1"
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/deployment"
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/e2etestenv"
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/kustomize"
 
+	_ "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/tests/backup"
+
 	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
 	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
 )
@@ -72,9 +76,26 @@ var _ = SynchronizedBeforeSuite(func(ctx SpecContext) []byte {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		Patches: []kustomizeTypes.Patch{
+			{
+				Patch: `[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/imagePullPolicy", "value": "Always"}]`,
+				Target: &kustomizeTypes.Selector{
+					ResId: resid.ResId{
+						Gvk: resid.Gvk{
+							Group:   "apps",
+							Version: "v1",
+							Kind:    "Deployment",
+						},
+						Name:      "barman-cloud",
+						Namespace: "cnpg-system",
+					},
+				},
+				Options: nil,
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
-	scheme := runtime.NewScheme()
+	scheme := cl.Scheme()
 	if err := corev1.AddToScheme(scheme); err != nil {
 		Fail(fmt.Sprintf("failed to add core/v1 to scheme: %v", err))
 	}
@@ -93,6 +114,12 @@ var _ = SynchronizedBeforeSuite(func(ctx SpecContext) []byte {
 	if err := certmanagerv1.AddToScheme(scheme); err != nil {
 		Fail(fmt.Sprintf("failed to add cert-manager.io/v1 to scheme: %v", err))
 	}
+	if err := pluginBarmanCloudV1.AddToScheme(scheme); err != nil {
+		Fail(fmt.Sprintf("failed to add plugin-barman-cloud/v1 to scheme: %v", err))
+	}
+	if err := cloudnativepgv1.AddToScheme(scheme); err != nil {
+		Fail(fmt.Sprintf("failed to add postgresql.cnpg.io/v1 to scheme: %v", err))
+	}
 
 	if err := kustomize.ApplyKustomization(ctx, cl, barmanCloudKustomization); err != nil {
 		Fail(fmt.Sprintf("failed to apply kustomization: %v", err))

test/e2e/internal/certmanager/certmanager.go

@@ -29,23 +29,23 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/kustomize"
 )
 
-// InstallOptions contains the options for installing cert-manager
+// InstallOptions contains the options for installing cert-manager.
 type InstallOptions struct {
 	Version              string
 	IgnoreExistResources bool
 }
 
-// InstallOption is a function that sets up an option for installing cert-manager
+// InstallOption is a function that sets up an option for installing cert-manager.
 type InstallOption func(*InstallOptions)
 
-// WithVersion sets the version of cert-manager to install
+// WithVersion sets the version of cert-manager to install.
 func WithVersion(version string) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallOptions) {
 		opts.Version = version
 	}
 }
 
-// WithIgnoreExistingResources sets whether to ignore existing resources
+// WithIgnoreExistingResources sets whether to ignore existing resources.
 func WithIgnoreExistingResources(ignore bool) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallOptions) {
 		opts.IgnoreExistResources = ignore
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ func WithIgnoreExistingResources(ignore bool) InstallOption {
 
 // TODO: renovate
 
-// DefaultVersion is the default version of cert-manager to install
+// DefaultVersion is the default version of cert-manager to install.
 const DefaultVersion = "v1.15.1"
 
-// Install installs cert-manager using kubectl
+// Install installs cert-manager using kubectl.
 func Install(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, opts ...InstallOption) error {
 	options := &InstallOptions{
 		Version:              DefaultVersion,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func Install(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, opts ...InstallOption) error
 			Namespace: "cert-manager",
 			Name:      deploymentName,
 		}, interval); err != nil {
-			return err
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to wait for deployment %s to be ready: %w", deploymentName, err)
 		}
 	}
 

test/e2e/internal/client/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package client
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client/config"
+)
+
+// NewClient creates a new controller-runtime Kubernetes client.
+//
+//nolint:ireturn
+func NewClient() (client.Client, *rest.Config, error) {
+	cfg, err := config.GetConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get Kubernetes config: %w", err)
+	}
+	cl, err := client.New(cfg, client.Options{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create Kubernetes client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return cl, cfg, nil
+}
+
+// NewClientSet creates a new k8s client-go clientset.
+func NewClientSet() (*kubernetes.Clientset, *rest.Config, error) {
+	cfg, err := config.GetConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get Kubernetes config: %w", err)
+	}
+	clientSet, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create Kubernetes client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return clientSet, cfg, nil
+}

test/e2e/internal/client/doc.go

@@ -14,17 +14,5 @@ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */
 
-package e2e
+// Package client provides function to create Kubernetes clients.
-
+package client
-import (
-	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
-	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
-)
-
-// const namespace = "plugin-barman-cloud-system"
-
-var _ = Describe("controller", Ordered, func() {
-	It("passes", func() {
-		Expect(true).To(BeTrue())
-	})
-})

test/e2e/internal/cloudnativepg/cloudnativepg.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
+	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
 	types2 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kustomize/api/types"
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/kustomize"
 )
 
-// InstallCloudNativePGOptions contains the options for installing CloudNativePG
+// InstallCloudNativePGOptions contains the options for installing CloudNativePG.
 type InstallCloudNativePGOptions struct {
 	ImageName                string
 	ImageTag                 string
@@ -40,52 +41,52 @@ type InstallCloudNativePGOptions struct {
 	IgnoreExistResources     bool
 }
 
-// InstallOption is a function that sets up an option for installing CloudNativePG
+// InstallOption is a function that sets up an option for installing CloudNativePG.
 type InstallOption func(*InstallCloudNativePGOptions)
 
-// WithImageName sets the name for the CloudNativePG image
+// WithImageName sets the name for the CloudNativePG image.
 func WithImageName(ref string) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallCloudNativePGOptions) {
 		opts.ImageName = ref
 	}
 }
 
-// WithImageTag sets the tag for the CloudNativePG image
+// WithImageTag sets the tag for the CloudNativePG image.
 func WithImageTag(tag string) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallCloudNativePGOptions) {
 		opts.ImageTag = tag
 	}
 }
 
-// WithKustomizationResourceURL sets the URL for the CloudNativePG kustomization
+// WithKustomizationResourceURL sets the URL for the CloudNativePG kustomization.
 func WithKustomizationResourceURL(url string) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallCloudNativePGOptions) {
 		opts.KustomizationResourceURL = url
 	}
 }
 
-// WithKustomizationRef sets the ref for the CloudNativePG kustomization
+// WithKustomizationRef sets the ref for the CloudNativePG kustomization.
 func WithKustomizationRef(ref string) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallCloudNativePGOptions) {
 		opts.KustomizationRef = ref
 	}
 }
 
-// WithKustomizationTimeout sets the timeout for the kustomization resources
+// WithKustomizationTimeout sets the timeout for the kustomization resources.
 func WithKustomizationTimeout(timeout string) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallCloudNativePGOptions) {
 		opts.KustomizationTimeout = timeout
 	}
 }
 
-// WithIgnoreExistingResources sets whether to ignore existing resources
+// WithIgnoreExistingResources sets whether to ignore existing resources.
 func WithIgnoreExistingResources(ignore bool) InstallOption {
 	return func(opts *InstallCloudNativePGOptions) {
 		opts.IgnoreExistResources = ignore
 	}
 }
 
-// Install installs CloudNativePG using kubectl
+// Install installs CloudNativePG using kubectl.
 func Install(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, opts ...InstallOption) error {
 	// Defining the default options
 	options := &InstallCloudNativePGOptions{
@@ -129,6 +130,16 @@ func Install(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, opts ...InstallOption) error
 		},
 	}
 
+	// If the deployment exist, exit doing nothing
+	// If we redeploy, we'll zero out the webhook ca configuration and the tests will fail
+	if options.IgnoreExistResources {
+		deploy := &appsv1.Deployment{}
+		err := cl.Get(ctx, types2.NamespacedName{Namespace: "cnpg-system", Name: "cnpg-controller-manager"}, deploy)
+		if err == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err := kustomize.ApplyKustomization(ctx, cl, kustomization); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply kustomization: %w", err)
 	}

test/e2e/internal/cluster/cluster.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package cluster
+
+import (
+	v1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/api/pkg/api/v1"
+)
+
+// TODO: improve this with what we already have in CloudNativePG e2e.
+func IsReady(cluster v1.Cluster) bool {
+	if cluster.Status.ReadyInstances != cluster.Spec.Instances {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, condition := range cluster.Status.Conditions {
+		if condition.Type == string(v1.ConditionClusterReady) {
+			return string(condition.Status) == string(v1.ConditionTrue)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}

test/e2e/internal/cluster/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+// Package cluster contains functions to interact with the CloudNativePG clusters
+package cluster

test/e2e/internal/command/command.go

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package command
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/remotecommand"
+)
+
+// TODO: extract this and the one in CloudNativePG to a common library
+
+// ContainerLocator is a struct that contains the information needed to locate a container in a pod.
+type ContainerLocator struct {
+	NamespaceName string
+	PodName       string
+	ContainerName string
+}
+
+// ExecuteInContainer executes a command in a container. If timeout is not nil, the command will be
+// executed with the specified timeout. The function returns the stdout and stderr of the command.
+func ExecuteInContainer(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	clientSet kubernetes.Clientset,
+	cfg *rest.Config,
+	container ContainerLocator,
+	timeout *time.Duration,
+	command []string,
+) (string, string, error) {
+	req := clientSet.CoreV1().RESTClient().Post().
+		Resource("pods").
+		Name(container.PodName).
+		Namespace(container.NamespaceName).
+		SubResource("exec").
+		Param("container", container.ContainerName).
+		Param("stdout", "true").
+		Param("stderr", "true")
+	for _, cmd := range command {
+		req.Param("command", cmd)
+	}
+
+	newConfig := *cfg // local copy avoids modifying the passed config arg
+	if timeout != nil {
+		req.Timeout(*timeout)
+		newConfig.Timeout = *timeout
+		timedCtx, cancelFunc := context.WithTimeout(ctx, *timeout)
+		defer cancelFunc()
+		ctx = timedCtx
+	}
+
+	exec, err := remotecommand.NewSPDYExecutor(cfg, "POST", req.URL())
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("error creating executor: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	err = exec.StreamWithContext(ctx, remotecommand.StreamOptions{
+		Stdout: &stdout,
+		Stderr: &stderr,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("error executing command in pod '%s/%s': %w",
+			container.NamespaceName, container.PodName, err)
+	}
+
+	return stdout.String(), stderr.String(), nil
+}

test/e2e/internal/command/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+// Package command provides function to execute commands in k8s pods.
+package command

test/e2e/internal/deployment/deployment.go

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func IsReady(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, name types.NamespacedName) (
 func WaitForDeploymentReady(
 	ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, namespacedName types.NamespacedName, interval time.Duration,
 ) error {
-	return wait.PollUntilContextCancel(ctx, interval, false,
+	err := wait.PollUntilContextCancel(ctx, interval, false,
 		func(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 			ready, err := IsReady(ctx, cl, namespacedName)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -66,4 +66,9 @@ func WaitForDeploymentReady(
 
 			return false, nil
 		})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to wait for %s to be ready: %w", namespacedName, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

test/e2e/internal/e2etestenv/main.go

@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
-	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client/config"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster"
 
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/certmanager"
+	internalClient "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/client"
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/cloudnativepg"
 	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/kind"
 )
@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ func defaultSetupOptions() SetupOptions {
 }
 
 // Setup sets up the test environment for the e2e tests, starting kind and installing the necessary components.
+//
+//nolint:ireturn
 func Setup(ctx context.Context, opts ...SetupOption) (client.Client, error) {
 	options := defaultSetupOptions()
 	for _, opt := range opts {
@@ -157,9 +159,9 @@ func Setup(ctx context.Context, opts ...SetupOption) (client.Client, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	cl, err := getClient()
+	cl, _, err := internalClient.NewClient()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create Kubernetes client: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if err := installCertManager(ctx, cl, options); err != nil {
@@ -226,20 +228,6 @@ func installCertManager(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, options SetupOpti
 	return nil
 }
 
-func getClient() (client.Client, error) {
-	// Use the current kubernetes client configuration
-	cfg, err := config.GetConfig()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get Kubernetes config: %w", err)
-	}
-	cl, err := client.New(cfg, client.Options{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create Kubernetes client: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return cl, nil
-}
-
 func setupKind(ctx context.Context, options SetupOptions) error {
 	// This function sets up the environment for the e2e tests
 	// by creating the cluster and installing the necessary

test/e2e/internal/kind/cluster.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package kind
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"os/exec"
 
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/strslice"
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/nodes"
 )
 
-// IsClusterRunning checks if a Kind cluster with the given name is running
+// IsClusterRunning checks if a Kind cluster with the given name is running.
 func IsClusterRunning(provider *cluster.Provider, clusterName string) (bool, error) {
 	clusters, err := provider.List()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -43,38 +42,38 @@ func IsClusterRunning(provider *cluster.Provider, clusterName string) (bool, err
 	return false, nil
 }
 
-// CreateClusterOptions are the options for creating a Kind cluster
+// CreateClusterOptions are the options for creating a Kind cluster.
 type CreateClusterOptions struct {
 	ConfigFile string
 	K8sVersion string
 	Networks   []string
 }
 
-// CreateClusterOption is the option for creating a Kind cluster
+// CreateClusterOption is the option for creating a Kind cluster.
 type CreateClusterOption func(*CreateClusterOptions)
 
-// WithConfigFile sets the config file for creating a Kind cluster
+// WithConfigFile sets the config file for creating a Kind cluster.
 func WithConfigFile(configFile string) CreateClusterOption {
 	return func(opts *CreateClusterOptions) {
 		opts.ConfigFile = configFile
 	}
 }
 
-// WithK8sVersion sets the Kubernetes version for creating a Kind cluster
+// WithK8sVersion sets the Kubernetes version for creating a Kind cluster.
 func WithK8sVersion(k8sVersion string) CreateClusterOption {
 	return func(opts *CreateClusterOptions) {
 		opts.K8sVersion = k8sVersion
 	}
 }
 
-// WithNetwork sets the network for creating a Kind cluster
+// WithNetworks sets the network for creating a Kind cluster.
 func WithNetworks(networks []string) CreateClusterOption {
 	return func(opts *CreateClusterOptions) {
 		opts.Networks = networks
 	}
 }
 
-// CreateCluster creates a Kind cluster with the given name
+// CreateCluster creates a Kind cluster with the given name.
 func CreateCluster(ctx context.Context, provider *cluster.Provider, name string, opts ...CreateClusterOption) error {
 	options := &CreateClusterOptions{}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
@@ -109,13 +108,20 @@ func CreateCluster(ctx context.Context, provider *cluster.Provider, name string,
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	for _, node := range nodeList {
-		cmd := exec.Command("docker", "exec", node.String(), "update-ca-certificates") // #nosec
-		output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update CA certificates in node %s: %w, output: %s", node, err, string(output))
-		}
 
+	if err := updateCACertificates(ctx, cli, nodeList); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update CA certificates: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := connectNetworks(ctx, cli, nodeList, options.Networks); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect networks: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func updateCACertificates(ctx context.Context, cli *client.Client, nodes []nodes.Node) error {
+	for _, node := range nodes {
 		execConfig := container.ExecOptions{
 			Cmd:          strslice.StrSlice([]string{"update-ca-certificates"}),
 			AttachStdout: true,
@@ -132,8 +138,12 @@ func CreateCluster(ctx context.Context, provider *cluster.Provider, name string,
 		}
 	}
 
-	for _, netw := range options.Networks {
+	return nil
-		for _, node := range nodeList {
+}
+
+func connectNetworks(ctx context.Context, cli *client.Client, nodes []nodes.Node, networks []string) error {
+	for _, netw := range networks {
+		for _, node := range nodes {
 			err := cli.NetworkConnect(ctx, netw, node.String(), nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect node %s to network %s: %w", node.String(), netw, err)

test/e2e/internal/kustomize/kustomize.go

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 	apimachineryerrors "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
@@ -34,15 +33,15 @@ import (
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kustomize/kyaml/filesys"
 )
 
-// ApplyKustomizationOptions holds options for applying kustomizations
+// ApplyKustomizationOptions holds options for applying kustomizations.
 type ApplyKustomizationOptions struct {
 	IgnoreExistingResources bool
 }
 
-// ApplyKustomizationOption is a functional option for ApplyKustomization
+// ApplyKustomizationOption is a functional option for ApplyKustomization.
 type ApplyKustomizationOption func(*ApplyKustomizationOptions)
 
-// ApplyKustomization builds the kustomization and creates the resources
+// ApplyKustomization builds the kustomization and creates the resources.
 func ApplyKustomization(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	cl client.Client,
@@ -112,28 +111,32 @@ func applyResourceMap(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, resourceMap resmap.
 }
 
 func applyResource(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, obj *unstructured.Unstructured) error {
-	if err := cl.Create(ctx, obj); err != nil {
+	err := cl.Create(ctx, obj)
-		if apimachineryerrors.IsAlreadyExists(err) {
+	if err == nil {
-			// If the resource already exists, retrieve the existing resource
+		return nil
-			existing := &unstructured.Unstructured{}
-			existing.SetGroupVersionKind(obj.GroupVersionKind())
-			key := client.ObjectKey{
-				Namespace: obj.GetNamespace(),
-				Name:      obj.GetName(),
-			}
-			if err := cl.Get(ctx, key, existing); err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("Error getting existing resource: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			// Update the existing resource with the new data
-			obj.SetResourceVersion(existing.GetResourceVersion())
-			err = cl.Update(ctx, obj)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error updating resource: %v", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error creating resource: %v", err)
-		}
 	}
+
+	if !apimachineryerrors.IsAlreadyExists(err) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error creating resource: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// If the resource already exists, retrieve the existing resource
+	existing := &unstructured.Unstructured{}
+	existing.SetGroupVersionKind(obj.GroupVersionKind())
+	key := client.ObjectKey{
+		Namespace: obj.GetNamespace(),
+		Name:      obj.GetName(),
+	}
+	if err := cl.Get(ctx, key, existing); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error getting existing resource: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Update the existing resource with the new data
+	obj.SetResourceVersion(existing.GetResourceVersion())
+	err = cl.Update(ctx, obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error updating resource: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

test/e2e/internal/namespace/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+// Package namespace provides utilities to manage namespaces.
+package namespace

test/e2e/internal/namespace/namespace.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package namespace
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	apierrors "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
+)
+
+// CreateUniqueNamespace creates a namespace with an unique suffix.
+func CreateUniqueNamespace(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, prefix string) (*corev1.Namespace, error) {
+	for {
+		randInt, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(100000))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate random number: %w", err)
+		}
+		namespaceName := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", prefix, randInt)
+		namespace := &corev1.Namespace{
+			ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+				Name: namespaceName,
+			},
+		}
+
+		err = cl.Create(ctx, namespace)
+		if err == nil {
+			return namespace, nil
+		}
+		if !apierrors.IsAlreadyExists(err) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create namespace: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

test/e2e/internal/objectstore/azurite.go

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package objectstore
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	barmanapi "github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/machinery/pkg/api"
+	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/intstr"
+	"k8s.io/utils/ptr"
+
+	pluginBarmanCloudV1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/api/v1"
+)
+
+func NewAzuriteObjectStoreResources(namespace, name string) Resources {
+	return Resources{
+		Deployment: newAzuriteDeployment(namespace, name),
+		Service:    newAzuriteService(namespace, name),
+		PVC:        newAzuritePVC(namespace, name),
+		Secret:     newAzuriteSecret(namespace, name),
+	}
+}
+
+func newAzuriteDeployment(namespace, name string) *appsv1.Deployment {
+	return &appsv1.Deployment{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Deployment",
+			APIVersion: "apps/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: appsv1.DeploymentSpec{
+			Replicas: ptr.To(int32(1)),
+			Selector: &metav1.LabelSelector{
+				MatchLabels: map[string]string{
+					"app": name,
+				},
+			},
+			Template: corev1.PodTemplateSpec{
+				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+					Labels: map[string]string{
+						"app": name,
+					},
+				},
+				Spec: corev1.PodSpec{
+					Containers: []corev1.Container{
+						{
+							Name: name,
+							// TODO: renovate the image
+							Image: "mcr.microsoft.com/azure-storage/azurite",
+							Ports: []corev1.ContainerPort{
+								{
+									ContainerPort: 10000,
+								},
+							},
+							Env: []corev1.EnvVar{
+								{
+									Name: "AZURITE_ACCOUNTS",
+									ValueFrom: &corev1.EnvVarSource{
+										SecretKeyRef: &corev1.SecretKeySelector{
+											LocalObjectReference: corev1.LocalObjectReference{
+												Name: name,
+											},
+											Key: "AZURITE_ACCOUNTS",
+										},
+									},
+								},
+							},
+							VolumeMounts: []corev1.VolumeMount{
+								{
+									Name:      "data",
+									MountPath: "/data",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Volumes: []corev1.Volume{
+						{
+							Name: "data",
+							VolumeSource: corev1.VolumeSource{
+								PersistentVolumeClaim: &corev1.PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource{
+									ClaimName: name,
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newAzuriteService(namespace, name string) *corev1.Service {
+	return &corev1.Service{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Service",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.ServiceSpec{
+			Selector: map[string]string{
+				"app": name,
+			},
+			Ports: []corev1.ServicePort{
+				{
+					Port:       10000,
+					TargetPort: intstr.FromInt32(10000),
+					Protocol:   corev1.ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newAzuriteSecret(namespace, name string) *corev1.Secret {
+	return &corev1.Secret{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Namespace: namespace,
+			Name:      name,
+		},
+		StringData: map[string]string{
+			"AZURITE_ACCOUNTS": "storageaccountname:c3RvcmFnZWFjY291bnRrZXk=",
+			"AZURE_CONNECTION_STRING": "DefaultEndpointsProtocol=http;AccountName=storageaccountname;" +
+				"AccountKey=c3RvcmFnZWFjY291bnRrZXk=;" +
+				fmt.Sprintf("BlobEndpoint=http://%v:10000/storageaccountname;", name),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newAzuritePVC(namespace, name string) *corev1.PersistentVolumeClaim {
+	return &corev1.PersistentVolumeClaim{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "PersistentVolumeClaim",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.PersistentVolumeClaimSpec{
+			AccessModes: []corev1.PersistentVolumeAccessMode{
+				corev1.ReadWriteOnce,
+			},
+			Resources: corev1.VolumeResourceRequirements{
+				Requests: corev1.ResourceList{
+					corev1.ResourceStorage: resource.MustParse(DefaultSize),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func NewAzuriteObjectStore(namespace, name, azuriteOSName string) *pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore {
+	return &pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "ObjectStore",
+			APIVersion: "barmancloud.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStoreSpec{
+			Configuration: barmanapi.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+				BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+					Azure: &barmanapi.AzureCredentials{
+						ConnectionString: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+							LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+								Name: azuriteOSName,
+							},
+							Key: "AZURE_CONNECTION_STRING",
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				DestinationPath: fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:10000/storageaccountname/backups/", azuriteOSName),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}

test/e2e/internal/objectstore/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+// Package objectstore provides shared examples for object store resources.
+package objectstore

test/e2e/internal/objectstore/fakegcsserver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package objectstore
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	barmanapi "github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/machinery/pkg/api"
+	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/intstr"
+	"k8s.io/utils/ptr"
+
+	pluginBarmanCloudV1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/api/v1"
+)
+
+func NewGCSObjectStoreResources(namespace, name string) Resources {
+	return Resources{
+		Deployment: newGCSDeployment(namespace, name),
+		Service:    newGCSService(namespace, name),
+		Secret:     newGCSSecret(namespace, name),
+		PVC:        newGCSPVC(namespace, name),
+	}
+}
+
+func newGCSDeployment(namespace, name string) *appsv1.Deployment {
+	return &appsv1.Deployment{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Deployment",
+			APIVersion: "apps/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: appsv1.DeploymentSpec{
+			Replicas: ptr.To(int32(1)),
+			Selector: &metav1.LabelSelector{
+				MatchLabels: map[string]string{
+					"app": name,
+				},
+			},
+			Template: corev1.PodTemplateSpec{
+				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+					Labels: map[string]string{
+						"app": name,
+					},
+				},
+				Spec: corev1.PodSpec{
+					Containers: []corev1.Container{
+						{
+							Name: name,
+							// TODO: renovate the image
+							Image: "registry.barman-cloud-plugin:5000/fakegcs:test",
+							Ports: []corev1.ContainerPort{
+								{
+									ContainerPort: 4443,
+								},
+							},
+							Command: []string{"fake-gcs-server"},
+							Args: []string{"-scheme",
+								"http",
+								"-port",
+								"4443",
+								"-external-url",
+								fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:4443", name),
+							},
+							VolumeMounts: []corev1.VolumeMount{
+								{
+									Name:      "storage",
+									MountPath: "/storage",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Volumes: []corev1.Volume{
+						{
+							Name: "storage",
+							VolumeSource: corev1.VolumeSource{
+								PersistentVolumeClaim: &corev1.PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource{
+									ClaimName: name,
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newGCSService(namespace, name string) *corev1.Service {
+	return &corev1.Service{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Service",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.ServiceSpec{
+			Selector: map[string]string{
+				"app": name,
+			},
+			Ports: []corev1.ServicePort{
+				{
+					Port:       4443,
+					TargetPort: intstr.FromInt32(4443),
+					Protocol:   corev1.ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newGCSSecret(namespace, name string) *corev1.Secret {
+	return &corev1.Secret{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Namespace: namespace,
+			Name:      name,
+		},
+		StringData: map[string]string{
+			"application_credentials": "",
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newGCSPVC(namespace, name string) *corev1.PersistentVolumeClaim {
+	return &corev1.PersistentVolumeClaim{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "PersistentVolumeClaim",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.PersistentVolumeClaimSpec{
+			AccessModes: []corev1.PersistentVolumeAccessMode{
+				corev1.ReadWriteOnce,
+			},
+			Resources: corev1.VolumeResourceRequirements{
+				Requests: corev1.ResourceList{
+					corev1.ResourceStorage: resource.MustParse(DefaultSize),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func NewGCSObjectStore(namespace, name, gcsOSName string) *pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore {
+	return &pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "ObjectStore",
+			APIVersion: "barmancloud.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStoreSpec{
+			Configuration: barmanapi.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+				BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+					Google: &barmanapi.GoogleCredentials{
+						ApplicationCredentials: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+							LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+								Name: gcsOSName,
+							},
+							Key: "application_credentials",
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				DestinationPath: "gs://backups/",
+				EndpointURL:     fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:4443", gcsOSName),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}

test/e2e/internal/objectstore/minio.go

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package objectstore
+
+import (
+	"net"
+
+	barmanapi "github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/machinery/pkg/api"
+	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/intstr"
+	"k8s.io/utils/ptr"
+
+	pluginBarmanCloudV1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/api/v1"
+)
+
+func NewMinioObjectStoreResources(namespace, name string) Resources {
+	return Resources{
+		Deployment: newMinioDeployment(namespace, name),
+		Service:    newMinioService(namespace, name),
+		PVC:        newMinioPVC(namespace, name),
+		Secret:     newMinioSecret(namespace, name),
+	}
+}
+
+func newMinioDeployment(namespace, name string) *appsv1.Deployment {
+	return &appsv1.Deployment{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Deployment",
+			APIVersion: "apps/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: appsv1.DeploymentSpec{
+			Replicas: ptr.To(int32(1)),
+			Selector: &metav1.LabelSelector{
+				MatchLabels: map[string]string{
+					"app": name,
+				},
+			},
+			Template: corev1.PodTemplateSpec{
+				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+					Labels: map[string]string{
+						"app": name,
+					},
+				},
+				Spec: corev1.PodSpec{
+					Containers: []corev1.Container{
+						{
+							Name: name,
+							// TODO: renovate the image
+							Image: "minio/minio:latest",
+							Args:  []string{"server", "/data"},
+							Ports: []corev1.ContainerPort{
+								{
+									ContainerPort: 9000,
+									Name:          name,
+								},
+							},
+							Env: []corev1.EnvVar{
+								{
+									Name: "MINIO_ACCESS_KEY",
+									ValueFrom: &corev1.EnvVarSource{
+										SecretKeyRef: &corev1.SecretKeySelector{
+											LocalObjectReference: corev1.LocalObjectReference{
+												Name: name,
+											},
+											Key: "ACCESS_KEY_ID",
+										},
+									},
+								},
+								{
+									Name: "MINIO_SECRET_KEY",
+									ValueFrom: &corev1.EnvVarSource{
+										SecretKeyRef: &corev1.SecretKeySelector{
+											LocalObjectReference: corev1.LocalObjectReference{
+												Name: name,
+											},
+											Key: "ACCESS_SECRET_KEY",
+										},
+									},
+								},
+							},
+							VolumeMounts: []corev1.VolumeMount{
+								{
+									Name:      "data",
+									MountPath: "/data",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Volumes: []corev1.Volume{
+						{
+							Name: "data",
+							VolumeSource: corev1.VolumeSource{
+								PersistentVolumeClaim: &corev1.PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource{
+									ClaimName: name,
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newMinioService(namespace, name string) *corev1.Service {
+	return &corev1.Service{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Service",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.ServiceSpec{
+			Selector: map[string]string{
+				"app": name,
+			},
+			Ports: []corev1.ServicePort{
+				{
+					Port:       9000,
+					TargetPort: intstr.FromInt32(9000),
+					Protocol:   corev1.ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newMinioSecret(namespace, name string) *corev1.Secret {
+	return &corev1.Secret{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Secret",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Data: map[string][]byte{
+			"ACCESS_KEY_ID":     []byte("minio"),
+			"ACCESS_SECRET_KEY": []byte("minio123"),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newMinioPVC(namespace, name string) *corev1.PersistentVolumeClaim {
+	return &corev1.PersistentVolumeClaim{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "PersistentVolumeClaim",
+			APIVersion: "v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.PersistentVolumeClaimSpec{
+			AccessModes: []corev1.PersistentVolumeAccessMode{
+				corev1.ReadWriteOnce,
+			},
+			Resources: corev1.VolumeResourceRequirements{
+				Requests: corev1.ResourceList{
+					corev1.ResourceStorage: resource.MustParse(DefaultSize),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func NewMinioObjectStore(namespace, name, minioOSName string) *pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore {
+	return &pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "ObjectStore",
+			APIVersion: "barmancloud.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      name,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStoreSpec{
+			Configuration: barmanapi.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+				BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+					AWS: &barmanapi.S3Credentials{
+						AccessKeyIDReference: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+							LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+								Name: minioOSName,
+							},
+							Key: "ACCESS_KEY_ID",
+						},
+						SecretAccessKeyReference: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+							LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+								Name: minioOSName,
+							},
+							Key: "ACCESS_SECRET_KEY",
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				EndpointURL:     "http://" + net.JoinHostPort(minioOSName, "9000"),
+				DestinationPath: "s3://backups/",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}

test/e2e/internal/objectstore/objectstore.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package objectstore
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
+	v2 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Size of the PVCs for the object stores
+	DefaultSize = "1Gi"
+)
+
+// Resources represents the resources required to create an object store.
+type Resources struct {
+	Deployment *v1.Deployment
+	Service    *v2.Service
+	Secret     *v2.Secret
+	PVC        *v2.PersistentVolumeClaim
+}
+
+// Create creates the object store resources.
+func (osr Resources) Create(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client) error {
+	if err := cl.Create(ctx, osr.PVC); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create PVC: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := cl.Create(ctx, osr.Secret); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create secret: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := cl.Create(ctx, osr.Deployment); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create deployment: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := cl.Create(ctx, osr.Service); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create service: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

test/e2e/internal/tests/backup/backup_restore.go

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package backup
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	v1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/api/pkg/api/v1"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
+
+	internalClient "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/client"
+	cluster2 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/cluster"
+	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/command"
+	nmsp "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/namespace"
+
+	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
+	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
+)
+
+var _ = Describe("Backup and restore", func() {
+	var namespace *corev1.Namespace
+	var cl client.Client
+	BeforeEach(func(ctx SpecContext) {
+		var err error
+		cl, _, err = internalClient.NewClient()
+		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+		namespace, err = nmsp.CreateUniqueNamespace(ctx, cl, "backup-restore")
+		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+	})
+	AfterEach(func(ctx SpecContext) {
+		Expect(cl.Delete(ctx, namespace)).To(Succeed())
+	})
+
+	DescribeTable("should backup and restore a cluster",
+		func(
+			ctx SpecContext,
+			factory testCaseFactory,
+		) {
+			testResources := factory.createBackupRestoreTestResources(namespace.Name)
+
+			By("starting the ObjectStore deployment")
+			Expect(testResources.ObjectStoreResources.Create(ctx, cl)).To(Succeed())
+
+			By("creating the ObjectStore")
+			Expect(cl.Create(ctx, testResources.ObjectStore)).To(Succeed())
+
+			By("Creating a CloudNativePG cluster")
+			src := testResources.SrcCluster
+			Expect(cl.Create(ctx, testResources.SrcCluster)).To(Succeed())
+
+			By("Having the Cluster ready")
+			Eventually(func(g Gomega) {
+				g.Expect(cl.Get(
+					ctx,
+					types.NamespacedName{
+						Name:      src.Name,
+						Namespace: src.Namespace,
+					},
+					src)).To(Succeed())
+				g.Expect(cluster2.IsReady(*src)).To(BeTrue())
+			}).WithTimeout(5 * time.Minute).WithPolling(5 * time.Second).Should(Succeed())
+
+			By("Adding data to PostgreSQL")
+			clientSet, cfg, err := internalClient.NewClientSet()
+			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+			_, _, err = command.ExecuteInContainer(ctx,
+				*clientSet,
+				cfg,
+				command.ContainerLocator{
+					NamespaceName: src.Namespace,
+					PodName:       fmt.Sprintf("%v-1", src.Name),
+					ContainerName: "postgres",
+				},
+				nil,
+				[]string{"psql", "-tAc", "CREATE TABLE test (i int); INSERT INTO test VALUES (1);"})
+			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+
+			By("Creating a backup")
+			backup := testResources.SrcBackup
+			Expect(cl.Create(ctx, backup)).To(Succeed())
+
+			By("Waiting for the backup to complete")
+			Eventually(func(g Gomega) {
+				g.Expect(cl.Get(ctx, types.NamespacedName{Name: backup.Name, Namespace: backup.Namespace},
+					backup)).To(Succeed())
+				g.Expect(backup.Status.Phase).To(BeEquivalentTo(v1.BackupPhaseCompleted))
+			}).Within(2 * time.Minute).WithPolling(5 * time.Second).Should(Succeed())
+
+			By("Adding data after the backup")
+			_, _, err = command.ExecuteInContainer(ctx,
+				*clientSet,
+				cfg,
+				command.ContainerLocator{
+					NamespaceName: src.Namespace,
+					PodName:       fmt.Sprintf("%v-1", src.Name),
+					ContainerName: "postgres",
+				},
+				nil,
+				[]string{
+					"psql", "-tAc",
+					"SELECT pg_switch_wal()" +
+						"; INSERT INTO test VALUES (2)",
+				})
+			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+			_, _, err = command.ExecuteInContainer(ctx,
+				*clientSet,
+				cfg,
+				command.ContainerLocator{
+					NamespaceName: src.Namespace,
+					PodName:       fmt.Sprintf("%v-1", src.Name),
+					ContainerName: "postgres",
+				},
+				nil,
+				[]string{
+					"psql", "-tAc",
+					"SELECT pg_switch_wal()",
+				})
+			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+
+			By("Restoring the backup")
+			dst := testResources.DstCluster
+			Expect(cl.Create(ctx, dst)).To(Succeed())
+
+			By("Having the Cluster ready")
+			Eventually(func(g Gomega) {
+				g.Expect(cl.Get(ctx,
+					types.NamespacedName{Name: dst.Name, Namespace: dst.Namespace},
+					dst)).To(Succeed())
+				g.Expect(cluster2.IsReady(*dst)).To(BeTrue())
+			}).WithTimeout(5 * time.Minute).WithPolling(5 * time.Second).Should(Succeed())
+
+			By("Verifying the data exists in the restored instance")
+			output, _, err := command.ExecuteInContainer(ctx,
+				*clientSet,
+				cfg,
+				command.ContainerLocator{
+					NamespaceName: dst.Namespace,
+					PodName:       fmt.Sprintf("%v-1", dst.Name),
+					ContainerName: "postgres",
+				},
+				nil,
+				[]string{"psql", "-tAc", "SELECT count(*) FROM test;"})
+			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
+			Expect(output).To(BeEquivalentTo("2\n"))
+
+			By("taking a backup from the restored cluster")
+			backup = testResources.DstBackup
+			Expect(cl.Create(ctx, backup)).To(Succeed())
+
+			By("Waiting for the backup to complete")
+			Eventually(func(g Gomega) {
+				g.Expect(cl.Get(ctx, types.NamespacedName{Name: backup.Name, Namespace: backup.Namespace},
+					backup)).To(Succeed())
+				g.Expect(backup.Status.Phase).To(BeEquivalentTo(v1.BackupPhaseCompleted))
+			}).Within(2 * time.Minute).WithPolling(5 * time.Second).Should(Succeed())
+		},
+		Entry(
+			"using the plugin for backup and restore on S3",
+			&s3BackupPluginBackupPluginRestore{},
+		),
+		Entry(
+			"using the plugin for backup and in-tree for restore on S3",
+			&s3BackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore{},
+		),
+		Entry(
+			"using in-tree for backup and the plugin for restore on S3",
+			&s3BackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore{},
+		),
+		Entry(
+			"using the plugin for backup and restore on Azure",
+			&azureBackupPluginBackupPluginRestore{},
+		),
+		Entry(
+			"using the plugin for backup and in-tree for restore on Azure",
+			&azureBackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore{},
+		),
+		Entry(
+			"using in-tree for backup and the plugin for restore on Azure",
+			&azureBackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore{},
+		),
+		// TODO: enable the tests for GCS when we have support for STORAGE_EMULATOR_HOST
+		//   env variable.
+		PEntry("using the plugin for backup and restore on GCS",
+			&gcsBackupPluginBackupPluginRestore{},
+		),
+		PEntry("using the plugin for backup and in-tree for restore on GCS",
+			&gcsBackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore{},
+		),
+		PEntry(
+			"using in-tree for backup and the plugin for restore on GCS",
+			&gcsBackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore{},
+		),
+	)
+})

test/e2e/internal/tests/backup/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+// Package backup contains tests for the backup and restore functionality
+// of the Barman Cloud Plugin.
+package backup

test/e2e/internal/tests/backup/fixtures.go

@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package backup
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+
+	cloudnativepgv1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/api/pkg/api/v1"
+	barmanapi "github.com/cloudnative-pg/barman-cloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/machinery/pkg/api"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+
+	pluginBarmanCloudV1 "github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/api/v1"
+	"github.com/cloudnative-pg/plugin-barman-cloud/test/e2e/internal/objectstore"
+)
+
+const (
+	minio   = "minio"
+	azurite = "azurite"
+	gcs     = "gcs"
+	// Size of the PVCs for the object stores and the cluster instances
+	size               = "1Gi"
+	srcClusterName     = "source"
+	srcBackupName      = "source"
+	objectStoreName    = "source"
+	dstBackupName      = "restore"
+	restoreClusterName = "restore"
+)
+
+type testCaseFactory interface {
+	createBackupRestoreTestResources(namespace string) backupRestoreTestResources
+}
+
+type backupRestoreTestResources struct {
+	ObjectStoreResources objectstore.Resources
+	ObjectStore          *pluginBarmanCloudV1.ObjectStore
+	SrcCluster           *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster
+	SrcBackup            *cloudnativepgv1.Backup
+	DstCluster           *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster
+	DstBackup            *cloudnativepgv1.Backup
+}
+
+type s3BackupPluginBackupPluginRestore struct{}
+
+func (s s3BackupPluginBackupPluginRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewMinioObjectStoreResources(namespace, minio)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewMinioObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, minio)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcPluginBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type s3BackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore struct{}
+
+func (s s3BackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewMinioObjectStoreResources(namespace, minio)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewMinioObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, minio)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcPluginBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterInTreeS3(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type s3BackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore struct{}
+
+func (s s3BackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewMinioObjectStoreResources(namespace, minio)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewMinioObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, minio)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterInTreeS3(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcInTreeBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type azureBackupPluginBackupPluginRestore struct{}
+
+func (a azureBackupPluginBackupPluginRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewAzuriteObjectStoreResources(namespace, azurite)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewAzuriteObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, azurite)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcPluginBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type azureBackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore struct{}
+
+func (a azureBackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewAzuriteObjectStoreResources(namespace, azurite)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewAzuriteObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, azurite)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcPluginBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterInTreeAzure(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type azureBackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore struct{}
+
+func (a azureBackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewAzuriteObjectStoreResources(namespace, azurite)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewAzuriteObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, azurite)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterInTreeAzure(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcInTreeBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type gcsBackupPluginBackupPluginRestore struct{}
+
+func (g gcsBackupPluginBackupPluginRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewGCSObjectStoreResources(namespace, gcs)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewGCSObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, gcs)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcPluginBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type gcsBackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore struct{}
+
+func (g gcsBackupPluginBackupInTreeRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewGCSObjectStoreResources(namespace, gcs)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewGCSObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, gcs)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcPluginBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterInTreeGCS(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+type gcsBackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore struct{}
+
+func (g gcsBackupPluginInTreeBackupPluginRestore) createBackupRestoreTestResources(
+	namespace string,
+) backupRestoreTestResources {
+	result := backupRestoreTestResources{}
+
+	result.ObjectStoreResources = objectstore.NewGCSObjectStoreResources(namespace, gcs)
+	result.ObjectStore = objectstore.NewGCSObjectStore(namespace, objectStoreName, gcs)
+	result.SrcCluster = newSrcClusterInTreeGCS(namespace)
+	result.SrcBackup = newSrcInTreeBackup(namespace)
+	result.DstCluster = newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace)
+	result.DstBackup = newDstPluginBackup(namespace)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+func newSrcPluginBackup(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Backup {
+	return &cloudnativepgv1.Backup{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Backup",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      srcBackupName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.BackupSpec{
+			Cluster: cloudnativepgv1.LocalObjectReference{
+				Name: srcClusterName,
+			},
+			Method: "plugin",
+			PluginConfiguration: &cloudnativepgv1.BackupPluginConfiguration{
+				Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newSrcInTreeBackup(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Backup {
+	return &cloudnativepgv1.Backup{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Backup",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      srcBackupName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.BackupSpec{
+			Cluster: cloudnativepgv1.LocalObjectReference{
+				Name: srcClusterName,
+			},
+			Method: "barmanObjectStore",
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newDstPluginBackup(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Backup {
+	return &cloudnativepgv1.Backup{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Backup",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      dstBackupName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.BackupSpec{
+			Cluster: cloudnativepgv1.LocalObjectReference{
+				Name: restoreClusterName,
+			},
+			Method: "plugin",
+			PluginConfiguration: &cloudnativepgv1.BackupPluginConfiguration{
+				Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newSrcClusterWithPlugin(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      srcClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			Plugins: cloudnativepgv1.PluginConfigurationList{
+				{
+					Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+					Parameters: map[string]string{
+						"barmanObjectName": objectStoreName,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			PostgresConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.PostgresConfiguration{
+				Parameters: map[string]string{
+					"log_min_messages": "DEBUG4",
+				},
+			},
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newDstClusterWithPlugin(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      restoreClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			Bootstrap: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapConfiguration{
+				Recovery: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapRecovery{
+					Source: "source",
+				},
+			},
+			Plugins: cloudnativepgv1.PluginConfigurationList{
+				{
+					Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+					Parameters: map[string]string{
+						"barmanObjectName": objectStoreName,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			PostgresConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.PostgresConfiguration{
+				Parameters: map[string]string{
+					"log_min_messages": "DEBUG4",
+				},
+			},
+			ExternalClusters: []cloudnativepgv1.ExternalCluster{
+				{
+					Name: "source",
+					PluginConfiguration: &cloudnativepgv1.PluginConfiguration{
+						Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+						Parameters: map[string]string{
+							"barmanObjectName": objectStoreName,
+							"serverName":       srcClusterName,
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newSrcClusterInTreeS3(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      srcClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+			PostgresConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.PostgresConfiguration{
+				Parameters: map[string]string{
+					"log_min_messages": "DEBUG4",
+				},
+			},
+			Backup: &cloudnativepgv1.BackupConfiguration{
+				BarmanObjectStore: &cloudnativepgv1.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+					BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+						AWS: &barmanapi.S3Credentials{
+							AccessKeyIDReference: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+								LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+									Name: minio,
+								},
+								Key: "ACCESS_KEY_ID",
+							},
+							SecretAccessKeyReference: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+								LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+									Name: minio,
+								},
+								Key: "ACCESS_SECRET_KEY",
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					EndpointURL:     "http://" + net.JoinHostPort(minio, "9000"),
+					DestinationPath: "s3://backups/",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newDstClusterInTreeS3(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      restoreClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			Bootstrap: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapConfiguration{
+				Recovery: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapRecovery{
+					Source: "source",
+				},
+			},
+			PostgresConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.PostgresConfiguration{
+				Parameters: map[string]string{
+					"log_min_messages": "DEBUG4",
+				},
+			},
+			Plugins: cloudnativepgv1.PluginConfigurationList{
+				{
+					Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+					Parameters: map[string]string{
+						"barmanObjectName": objectStoreName,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			ExternalClusters: []cloudnativepgv1.ExternalCluster{
+				{
+					Name: "source",
+					BarmanObjectStore: &cloudnativepgv1.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+						BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+							AWS: &barmanapi.S3Credentials{
+								AccessKeyIDReference: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+									LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+										Name: minio,
+									},
+									Key: "ACCESS_KEY_ID",
+								},
+								SecretAccessKeyReference: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+									LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+										Name: minio,
+									},
+									Key: "ACCESS_SECRET_KEY",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						EndpointURL:     "http://" + net.JoinHostPort(minio, "9000"),
+						DestinationPath: "s3://backups/",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newSrcClusterInTreeAzure(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      srcClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+			Backup: &cloudnativepgv1.BackupConfiguration{
+				BarmanObjectStore: &cloudnativepgv1.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+					BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+						Azure: &barmanapi.AzureCredentials{
+							ConnectionString: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+								LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+									Name: azurite,
+								},
+								Key: "AZURE_CONNECTION_STRING",
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					DestinationPath: fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:10000/storageaccountname/backups/", azurite),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newDstClusterInTreeAzure(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      restoreClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			Bootstrap: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapConfiguration{
+				Recovery: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapRecovery{
+					Source: "source",
+				},
+			},
+			Plugins: cloudnativepgv1.PluginConfigurationList{
+				{
+					Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+					Parameters: map[string]string{
+						"barmanObjectName": objectStoreName,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			ExternalClusters: []cloudnativepgv1.ExternalCluster{
+				{
+					Name: "source",
+					BarmanObjectStore: &cloudnativepgv1.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+						BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+							Azure: &barmanapi.AzureCredentials{
+								ConnectionString: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+									LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+										Name: azurite,
+									},
+									Key: "AZURE_CONNECTION_STRING",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						DestinationPath: fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:10000/storageaccountname/backups/", azurite),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newSrcClusterInTreeGCS(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      srcClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+			Backup: &cloudnativepgv1.BackupConfiguration{
+				BarmanObjectStore: &cloudnativepgv1.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+					BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+						Google: &barmanapi.GoogleCredentials{
+							ApplicationCredentials: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+								LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+									Name: gcs,
+								},
+								Key: "application_credentials",
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					EndpointURL:     fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:4443", gcs),
+					DestinationPath: "gs://backups/",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}
+
+func newDstClusterInTreeGCS(namespace string) *cloudnativepgv1.Cluster {
+	cluster := &cloudnativepgv1.Cluster{
+		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+			Kind:       "Cluster",
+			APIVersion: "postgresql.cnpg.io/v1",
+		},
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      restoreClusterName,
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: cloudnativepgv1.ClusterSpec{
+			Instances:       2,
+			ImagePullPolicy: corev1.PullAlways,
+			Bootstrap: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapConfiguration{
+				Recovery: &cloudnativepgv1.BootstrapRecovery{
+					Source: "source",
+				},
+			},
+			Plugins: cloudnativepgv1.PluginConfigurationList{
+				{
+					Name: "barman-cloud.cloudnative-pg.io",
+					Parameters: map[string]string{
+						"barmanObjectName": objectStoreName,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			ExternalClusters: []cloudnativepgv1.ExternalCluster{
+				{
+					Name: "source",
+					BarmanObjectStore: &cloudnativepgv1.BarmanObjectStoreConfiguration{
+						BarmanCredentials: barmanapi.BarmanCredentials{
+							Google: &barmanapi.GoogleCredentials{
+								ApplicationCredentials: &api.SecretKeySelector{
+									LocalObjectReference: api.LocalObjectReference{
+										Name: gcs,
+									},
+									Key: "application_credentials",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						DestinationPath: "gs://backups/",
+						EndpointURL:     fmt.Sprintf("http://%v:4443", gcs),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			StorageConfiguration: cloudnativepgv1.StorageConfiguration{
+				Size: size,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return cluster
+}